Buri mwaka abantu barenga millioni bicwa no kwiyahura.kwiyahura ni impamvu ya gatatu itera imfu z’abantu benshi ku isi bari hagati y’imyaka 15-45, million 20 z’abantu ku isi bagerageza kwiyahura buri mwa mwaka, raporo ya banki y’isi igaragaza ko abantu bagera kuri 850 mu Rwanda buri mwaka bapfa bazize kwiyahura.Ariko se kwiyahura biva kuki? Byatangiye ryari? kwiyahura ntabwo byatangiye kubaho mu myaka yavuba gusa. Amateka agaragaza ko kwiyahura byamenyekanye bwa mbere mu bitekerezo by’ingoma, y’abagirikibizwi nka (mythology) mu gihe cya kera kizwi nka antikite aho bavugako Imana Ajax akaba ubuvivi bwa Zeus yiyahuye, ubwo yari mu ntambara yaguyemo intwari nyinshi harimo iyitwaga ashille.Ashille amaze gupfa ingabo bari bahanganye zaje zishaka umurambo ngo ziwunyage, Ajax arazirukankana azisubiza inyuma, Odeusi barikumwe barwana yirukankana umurambo wa achille. Mu gihe bari barimo batanga ibihembo by’ukwiriye ishema ko yatumye umurambo wa Achille utajyanwa bunyago, mu buryo bw’akagambane ibihembo babihaye Odeusi maze bibaza cyane Ajax nuko mu gitondo cya kare yitendeka ku nkota ye arapfa aha hari mu mwaka wa 510 B.C. Uyu mugabo bavugako icyamuteye kwiyahura ari uko yabonyeko ntacyo akorera kandi ko nta cyubahiro ateze.
Mu muco w’abaroma n’abagiliki mu gihe cya kera kwiyahura ntabwo cyari ikintu kibujijwe. icyakora hari abantu batatu bari babujijwe kwiyahura: Abacakara, abasirikare n’abantu bakoze icyaha gikomeye. Impamvu ngo nuko kwiyahura kw’aba bantu byabaga ari igihombo gikomeye ku bukungu n’ubusugire bw’igihugu. Iyo uwakoze icyaha yiyahuraga mbere y’urubanza, leta ntiyabaga igifite ububasha bwo gutwara imitungo ye,.. kwiyahura ku musirikare byafatwaga kimwe no gutoroka igisirikare, naho iyo umucakara yiyahuraga byabaga ari igihombo gikomeye kuburyo iyo yiyahuraga mbere y’amezi atandatu aguzwe, icyo gihe uwamuguze yasubizwaga amafaranga ye yose. Gusa bene iyi myumvire yari ishyigikiye kwiyahura, yagiye yamaganwa na bamwe mu bahanga n’abacurabwenge nka Pytagore. Kuri we nk’umuntu wari warize imibare yavugaga ko iyi si igizwe na roho zibarika kandi akaba arizo zituma idahungabana, maze umunzani wayo ugahora uringaniye, iyo hagize roho igenda mu buryo butunguranye bishobora guteza ikibazo gikomeye umunzani w’imibereho ugahengama. Aristote nawe yamaganye cyane imyumvire yo kwiyahura kuko yavugaga ko iyo umuntu yiyahuye hari serivisi society yabagamo iba ihombye.
Umuntu wa mbere wiyahuye mu mateka y’abagereki ni umucurabwenge witwaga Empendoclesmu mwaka wa 443 B.C. Uyu yizeraga ko urupfu ari ubundi buzima (reincarnation). Bamwe bakaba bemezako bene iyi myumvire ariyo yamuteye kwiyahura. Yiyahuye yiroshye mu kirunga cya sisiliyani, mu rwunge rw’imisozi rwa mount etna ni mu b’ubutaliyani bw’iki gihe.
Bamwe mu bacurabwenge bakomeje gushyigikira kwiyahura mu gihe cya kera cyane cyizwi nka Antiquite, abacurabwenge bazwi nka stoicien bavugaga kourupfu aribwo buryo bwonyine butuma umuntu yisanzura akava muri ubu buzima igihe abonako ntakindi kiza yenda kububonamo. Ibi nibyo byateye kwiyahura uwitwa Cato the younger igihe yari asumbirijwe mu gitero cyagabwe ahitwa thapsus kigabwe n’umwami Cesar mu mwaka wa 46 B.C.
Mu mwaka wa 30 mbere ya Christ nyuma yo kwiyahura kwakozwe n’uwitwa sineke amaze kubihatirwa kuko yari yaketsweho kwivugana umwami nero;kuva icyo gihe abaroma bavuzeko kwiyahura byemewe bibaho mu mpamvu ebyiri, kwiyahura kuyobowe n’ubwenge n’umutimanama, no kwiyahura ku mpamvu bwite. Bavugako umuntu wiyahuye kubera urukundo bititwa kwiyahura.
Aha batanze urugero rw’uwitwa Antony wiyahuye igihe yari kurugamba we n’inshuti ye Cleopatre bamaze gutsindwa na Octavia, noneho akibeshyako Cleapatre yiteye inkota nawe agahita ayitera ariko yamara kuyitera agasanga inshuti ye ntacyo yabaye agasambira mu biganza bye.
Mu kinyegana cya 5 kugera mu cyinyejana cya 15 ahazwi nka moyen age igihe ubwami bw’abaroma bwari bumaze gucika intege, itorero rya gikiristu ryamaganye bikomeye kwiyahura ndetse ritegekako abantu bapfuye biyahuye bashyingurwa hanze y’irimbi ritagatifu. Icyo gihe havutse impaka zikomeye kuko hari abahowe Imana byavugwagwa ko bapfuye biyahuye nkaba maritiri ba Cordaoba bishwe n’abayisiramu mu majyepfo ya espanye. Ibintu byarushijeho gukomera ubwo hajyagaho itegeko mpanabyaha ryashyizweho n’umwami w’ubufaransa witwaga Louis wa 16 mu 1697. iri tegeko ryavugaga ko umurambo w’umuntu wiyahuye wagombaga gushyirwa mu muhanda ukanyukwanyukwa, hanyuma bakawumanika ku giti cg bakawuta mu myanda kandi imitungo y’uwihayuye igafatirwa.
Imyumvire ku kwiyahura yongeye guhinduka mu gihe cyiswe igihe cy’ubuzima bushya cg renaissance hagati y’ikinyejana cya 15-16. Umwongereza Thomas More, uzwi cyane nka Saint Thomas, akaba ari umwe mu bantu bazwiho guteza imbere ubumuntu, yanditse mu gitabo cye cyasohotse 1516 ko kwiyahura bikwiriye gusa igihe umuntu afite uburwayi bumubabaza cyane kandi butenda gukira maze urupfu rukaba ariyo nzira yonyine isigaye yo kumubuza kwicwa urubozo. Yagize ati “icyo gihe umuntu ntiyiyahura kuko yishimye ahubwo yiyahura kuko yanga gupfa urwagashinyaguro. Nyuma yaho ariko inyandiko z’uwitwa John Donne zatangiye kwamagana ibihano bihabwa abiyahuye atanga ingero ko n’abantu bakomeye muri Bibiliya biyahuye barimo, Samusoni, Saul, na Judas escariot.
Mu kinyejana cya 16-18 kubera ibi bihano bikomeye byahabwaga uwiyahuye, ndetse no gutinya kurimbuka, abantu bamwe batangiye kujya bakora ibyaha bikomeye nko kwica umuntu kugirango bicwe aho gufatwa nk’abiyahuye. Umwe mu bantu babaye ikirangirire ni umunyasuwedi kazi witwa Christina Johansdotter aho 1740 yishe umwana mu mujyi mukuru wa SuedeStochholm kugirango police ihite imwica.
Igihe cy’agahenge no guha agaciro abiyahuye cyatangiranye n’igihe cyiswe igihe cy’umucyo aho umucurabwenge David Hume yatangiye guhakana ko kwiyahura atari icyaha kuko nta muntu cyibangamira kandi kwiyahura bikorwa mu nyungu z’uwiyahuye. Mugitabo yanditse 1777 gifite umutwe uvuga ngo kwiyahura no kudapfa kwa roho yaravuze ati « Ese ubundi bimaze iki gukomezakubaho mu mibereho mibi, ishishana ngo kubera inyungu zidafite akamaro ahari rubanda bagutezeho»iyi myumvire yatewe imbaraga n’ikinyamakuru the Times cy’abongereza nacyo cyatangije impinduka ku myumvire yo kwiyahura guhera 1786.
Guhera mu kinyejana cya 19, kwiyahura mu bihugu by’ibirayi nubwo byakomejwe kuba igikorwa kitemewe n’amategeko ariko byaretswe kwitwa icyaha ahubwo uwiyahuye agafatwa nk’umurwayi wo mu mutwe. 1879, amategeko y’ubwongereza yatandukanyije kwiyahura no kwica umuntu. Icyo gihe kwiyahura ntibyongera kuba icyaha, 1882 gushyingura uwiyahuye biremerwa, hanyuma mu kinyejana cya 20 ntibyaba bigihanwa n’amategeko mu bihugu byinshi by’uburayi. Amateka agaragaza ko mu bihugu byinshi by’afurika kwiyahura bidakorewe ku rugamba byafatwaga nk’ubugwari, ishyano cg amahano.
Muri iyi minsi tugezemo imyumvire iganisha ku kubungabunga ubuzima bwo mu mutwe no guha agaciro ikiremwa muntu igaragaza ko kwiyahura bitava ku bushake bw’umuntu ahubwo biterwa n’uburwayi bw’agahinda gakabije cg ububabare mu marangamutima kubera impamvu zitandukanye. Imwe mu mvugo zikunze gukoreshwa n’uko kwiyahura ari igisubizo kirambye ku kibazo kimara igihe gito. Ibi bigasa nko kwicisha inyundo urushishi. Nyamara hari benshi barwanya iki gitekerezo bavuga ko nubwo ububare bw’amarangamutima inshuro nyinshi bushobora kumara igihe gito, ariko kuri bamwe hari ighe ubu buribwe buba ikibazo gikomeye cyane, bitewe n’igihe bumaze, n’uburyo buhora bugaruka bigatuma umuntu atakaza ubushobozi bwo kwigobotora ingoyi y’umubabaro. Aba bemezako nta muntu ubyuka mu gitondo ngo yiyahure ahubwo umuntu yiyahura igihe yagerageje ubundi buryo bwose bukanga maze akabona ko igisubizo cyiza ari urupfu. Amateka yo kwiyahura agaragaza ko mu gihe cya kera abantu bakundaga kwiyahura ari abasirikare, imfungwa zababazwaga cyane, abacakara babonaga ubuzima bwabo burutwa n’urupfu, ariko ko mu gihe cy’ubu kwiyahura biterwa n’impamvu z’uburwayi.
Nkuko tumaze kubibona yaba ari abiyahuriye ku rugamba, mu bucakara, muri gereza, abiyahura kubera uburwayi bunyuranye, bose bafite impamvu. None wowe ubona ari iyihe mpamvu ituma abantu muri iyi minsi biyahura? Ese ni umuregwe? Ese ni ubugwari? cg n’uburwayi? ese ko turi kubona umubare w’abiyahura mu Rwanda no ku isi uri kwiyongera ni iki kiba cyabaye mu mutwe wabo ngo biyahure? ese nawe uduteze amatwi byashoboka ko kwiyahura byakugeraho? Ese n’iki cyakorwa mu kwirinda iki kibazo kidutwara abacu? Ibi bibazo byose tuzagerageza kubiganiraho mu kiganiro gitaha.
Byanditswe na Mutuyimana Celestin.